# Brainspotting

Rating: Speculative — Little primary evidence yet: mechanism, anecdote or tradition
Type: Therapy
Updated: 2026-08-06
Canonical: https://heretic.bio/articles/brainspotting.html

> Brainspotting is a psychotherapy in which a client holds a fixed gaze on a 'brainspot' while processing distress, on the theory that eye position gates subcortical trauma networks. The published evidence is small, a few preliminary and comparative studies and case reports, all positive, with no large randomized trials. It is framed as a complement or fallback when EMDR stalls, not a proven equivalent.

## Overview

**Brainspotting (BSP)** is a therapeutic approach developed by **David Grand, PhD** in 2003, rooted in his observation — during an EMDR session with an elite figure skater — that a specific **eye position** accessed a **deeply unresolved trauma** that had not responded to other treatment. When the client's eyes locked on a particular point in the visual field, a powerful emotional and somatic release followed, resolving the performance block that had persisted for years.

The core premise of Brainspotting is deceptively simple: **"Where you look affects how you feel."** Specific eye positions (called "brainspots") correspond to **subcortical brain activations** — areas deep in the brain where trauma, stress, and dysregulation are stored below the level of conscious awareness.

> ⚡ **Key Distinction from[EMDR](emdr.html):** While EMDR uses continuous bilateral eye movements to tax working memory, Brainspotting uses **sustained, fixed eye positions** to access and process traumatic material. BSP is considered more **bottom-up** (body-to-brain) and less structured than EMDR.

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## Theoretical Foundation

### The "Brainspot" Concept

A **brainspot** is a specific point in the client's visual field that, when gazed at, **activates a neurophysiological response** related to stored trauma or distress. The theoretical basis:

  1. **Visual field → Subcortical activation:** The visual system has extensive connections to the **superior colliculus** , **amygdala** , **thalamus** , and other subcortical structures involved in threat detection and emotional processing
  2. **Eye position ↔ Emotional state:** Specific eye positions activate specific neural networks, including those storing unprocessed trauma
  3. **Somatic marker access:** The body holds trauma as somatic markers (sensations, tensions, postures); brainspots provide a "portal" to these stored experiences



### Dual Attunement Frame

Grand describes the Brainspotting therapeutic relationship as a **"Dual Attunement Frame"** :

  * **Attunement to the client's internal experience** (sensations, emotions, memories)
  * **Attunement to the therapeutic relationship** (relational safety, co-regulation)



This relational frame is central to BSP's effectiveness, particularly for **developmental and attachment trauma** where relational wounds require relational healing.

### Subcortical Processing

BSP explicitly targets the **subcortical brain** — the deep brain structures beneath the cortex:

Structure | Role in Trauma | BSP Relevance  
---|---|---  
**Amygdala** | Threat detection, fear conditioning | Accessing and reprocessing fear memories  
**Hippocampus** | Memory formation, contextual encoding | Integrating traumatic memories into adaptive narratives  
**Thalamus** | Sensory relay station | Processing embodied sensory trauma  
**Superior colliculus** | Visual attention, orienting | Mediates eye position → subcortical activation  
**Periaqueductal gray** | Freeze/immobility response | Accessing and resolving freeze states  
**Insula** | Interoception, body awareness | Processing somatic trauma  
  
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## The Brainspotting Process

### Finding a Brainspot

There are several methods for identifying a brainspot:

#### 1\. Inside Window (Client-Led)

  * Client focuses on the distressing issue/sensation
  * Therapist moves a pointer slowly across the visual field
  * Client signals when they notice a **"felt shift"** — a change in emotional intensity, body sensation, or awareness
  * This position becomes the brainspot



#### 2\. Outside Window (Therapist-Observed)

  * Therapist observes the client's **reflexive responses** (eye movements, blinks, facial micro-expressions, posture shifts)
  * Therapist identifies where in the visual field these responses are most activated
  * Particularly useful when clients have difficulty with interoception



#### 3\. Gazespotting

  * Client closes eyes and intuitively **looks toward where the distress is located** in their internal experience
  * The direction and angle of their gaze when they open their eyes indicates the brainspot



#### 4\. Body Scan

  * Client focuses on a specific physical sensation
  * Explores the visual field while maintaining awareness of the body sensation



### Processing

Once a brainspot is identified:

  1. Client maintains **fixed gaze** on the brainspot (or near it)
  2. Client is guided to **notice what happens** — without trying to change anything
  3. Processing occurs **naturally and organically** — sensations may shift, memories may arise, emotions may release
  4. Therapist provides **minimal direction** — primarily "just notice" and "stay with that"
  5. Bilateral sound (alternating tones through headphones) is often used to enhance processing
  6. Processing continues until the distress resolves or significantly diminishes



### Key BSP Techniques

Technique | Description | Use Case  
---|---|---  
**One-spot** | Process at a single brainspot | Standard trauma processing  
**Z-axis** | Focus at different depths (near/far) in the visual field | Accessing deeper layers of trauma  
**Resource spot** | Identify a positive/calm brainspot for stabilization | Before trauma processing; between sessions  
**Performance spot** | Enhance positive states for performance | Athletics, performing arts, public speaking  
**Parts work** | Process different "parts" or ego states | Complex trauma, internal conflict  
**Alignment spot** | Find a brainspot associated with centeredness/wholeness | Integration, spiritual growth  
  
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## Evidence Base

### Honest Evidence Assessment

> ⚠️ **Transparency Note:** Brainspotting has a **smaller evidence base** than EMDR, Prolonged Exposure, or CPT. While clinical experience and case reports are strongly positive, large-scale randomized controlled trials are still needed.

**Evidence Level:** ⭐⭐ Moderate (growing)

#### Available Research

Study | Design | Finding  
---|---|---  
**Corrigan & Grand (2013)** | Preliminary study | BSP showed efficacy for PTSD comparable to EMDR  
**Hildebrand et al. (2017)** | Comparative study (BSP vs EMDR vs Body Scan Meditation) | All three achieved clinically significant change; BSP and EMDR equally effective  
**IACAT (2018)** | Controlled trial | BSP reduced PTSD symptoms significantly  
**Grand (2011)** | Case series | BSP effective for performance enhancement in athletes  
**Duffy et al. (2023)** | Case study | BSP effective for complex trauma and dissociation  
  
#### The Evidence Problem

The limited research base is due to several factors: \- BSP is newer than EMDR (2003 vs. 1987) \- Less institutional backing and research funding \- The **less structured** nature of BSP makes it harder to study in standardized RCTs \- Practitioner community is smaller

However, the existing studies are **consistently positive** , and the neurological plausibility of the mechanism (visual field → subcortical activation → trauma processing) is well-grounded in neuroscience.

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## When Brainspotting May Be Preferred Over EMDR

BSP may be particularly appropriate when:

  1. **EMDR has plateaued or failed** — BSP accesses material that EMDR may not reach
  2. **Complex/developmental trauma** — BSP's relational frame is better suited for attachment wounds
  3. **Pre-verbal or implicit trauma** — trauma stored as body sensations rather than narrative memories
  4. **Dissociation** — BSP's gentle, titrated approach is safer for dissociative clients
  5. **Performance enhancement** — BSP has unique performance applications
  6. **Client cannot tolerate EMDR's structured approach** — BSP is more organic and client-led
  7. **Chronic pain and medical trauma** — BSP's somatic focus addresses body-based distress
  8. **Grief and loss** — BSP can access deep emotional layers without requiring detailed narrative



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## Neurophysiological Hypothesis

### How Fixed Eye Positions Access Trauma

The neuroanatomical basis for Brainspotting:
    
    
    Visual Field (eye position)
        ↓
    Retina → Optic Nerve → Superior Colliculus (midbrain)
        ↓
    Superior Colliculus → Pulvinar (thalamus) → Amygdala
                        → Locus Coeruleus (noradrenergic)
                        → Periaqueductal Gray (freeze response)
        ↓
    Activation of subcortical trauma networks
        ↓
    Processing and integration through sustained attention + bilateral sound
    

**The superior colliculus** is key — this midbrain structure receives direct retinal input and has extensive connections to emotional and survival networks. Different eye positions activate different regions of the superior colliculus, which in turn activate different subcortical networks.

Bilateral alternating sound (typically used in BSP) engages **interhemispheric communication** and may enhance processing through: \- Activating the **corpus callosum** \- Engaging the **vestibular system** (through bone conduction) \- Reducing **overmodulation** (excessive top-down control from cortex)

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## Integration with Other Modalities

Brainspotting can be effectively combined with:

  * **[IFS (Internal Family Systems)](ifs-internal-family-systems.html)** — Using brainspots to access specific "parts" and process their experiences
  * **[EMDR](emdr.html)** — Sequential or integrated use; BSP for what EMDR doesn't reach
  * **Somatic Experiencing** — BSP's body focus aligns naturally with Peter Levine's approach
  * **[Breathwork and Somatic Release](breathwork-and-somatic-release.html)** — Breathwork to regulate, BSP to process
  * **[Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy](psychedelic-assisted-therapy.html)** — BSP may help integrate psychedelic experiences
  * **Neurofeedback** — Combined regulation and processing



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## Practical Considerations

### Finding a Brainspotting Practitioner

  * Certified through **Brainspotting Trainings International** (brainspotting.com)
  * Three phases of training: Phase 1 (fundamentals), Phase 2 (advanced), Phase 3 (mastery)
  * Look for practitioners with experience in your specific concern
  * Many BSP practitioners are also trained in EMDR and integrate both



### What to Expect in a Session

  * Duration: 60-90 minutes
  * You will **not** be required to describe traumatic events in detail
  * Sessions are **less structured** than EMDR — more organic, client-led
  * You may experience **strong somatic responses** (trembling, temperature changes, emotional release)
  * Bilateral sound (headphones) is typically used throughout
  * The therapist uses a **pointer** to guide your visual field exploration



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## Sources