# Heretic

Heretic is an independent library of non-conventional health topics — peptides, nootropics, bioregulators, Soviet-era research, red light, sun and longevity science. Every entry is rated on a four-level scale: Proven (replicated human randomized trials), Promising (some human trials or consistent animal work with a clear mechanism), Early (mostly animal or cell studies) and Speculative (little primary evidence yet). It informs and never prescribes.

## Peptides
- [BPC-157](https://heretic.bio/articles/bpc-157-body-protection-compound.md): Early, A gastric-derived 15-amino-acid peptide with extensive rodent data on tendon and gut healing but no completed human trials. FDA Category 2; banned by WADA.
- [Cerebrolysin](https://heretic.bio/articles/cerebrolysin-porcine-neurotrophic-peptide-complex.md): Early, A porcine brain-peptide mixture used for stroke, TBI, and dementia across ~40 countries; manufacturer trials are positive, two Cochrane reviews skeptical.
- [Dihexa](https://heretic.bio/articles/dihexa-n-hexanoic-tyr-ile-6-aminohexanoic-amide.md): Speculative, An angiotensin-IV-derived nootropic peptide built on retracted potency claims; no human studies exist, and its successor drug failed in Alzheimer's.
- [Epitalon](https://heretic.bio/articles/epitalon-aedg-tetrapeptide-telomerase-pineal-axis-and-geroprotective-evidence.md): Early, A pineal tetrapeptide that activates telomerase and lengthens telomeres in human cells; human data is two small Russian trials without Western replication.
- [FDA peptide reclassification 2026](https://heretic.bio/articles/fda-peptide-reclassification-2026.md): Speculative, What the July 2026 committee vote on BPC-157, TB-500 and four other peptides means for access, why it isn't law yet, and the case for and against.
- [GHK-Cu](https://heretic.bio/articles/ghk-cu-copper-tripeptide-gene-modulatory-regenerative-peptide.md): Promising, A copper peptide backed by small human trials for skin aging and topical wound healing; systemic use has no human data. Injectable is FDA Category 2.
- [GLP-1 agonists](https://heretic.bio/articles/glp-1-peptides-semaglutide-tirzepatide-retatrutide.md): Proven, GLP-1 drugs reviewed against the trials: 15-30% weight loss, proven cardiovascular benefit, and open questions on muscle loss, dependency and aging.
- [GLP-1 drugs and muscle preservation](https://heretic.bio/articles/glp-1-muscle-preservation.md): Early, An evidence review of muscle loss on GLP-1 drugs: 25-45% of weight lost is lean tissue, and one phase 2 bimagrumab trial shows preservation.
- [MOTS-c](https://heretic.bio/articles/mots-c-mitochondrial-open-reading-frame-of-12s-rrna-type-c.md): Early, A mitochondrial-encoded peptide with strong rodent metabolic data; the only completed human trial used an analog. A Phase 2 of native MOTS-c is recruiting.
- [Peptide bioregulators (Khavinson)](https://heretic.bio/articles/peptide-bioregulation-khavinson.md): Speculative, Fifty years of Soviet research into short peptides claimed to regulate gene expression, with six Russian-approved drugs but little independent replication.
- [Peptide evidence grading](https://heretic.bio/articles/peptide-evidence-grading-framework.md): Speculative, A proposed framework scoring peptides on a five-tier evidence scale plus a regulatory tier, applied to the 2026 FDA compounding reviews.
- [Peptide gray-market enforcement](https://heretic.bio/articles/peptide-sciences-shutdown-us-gray-market-collapse-fda-enforcement-wave.md): Early, The 2026 collapse of the US research-peptide gray market: Peptide Sciences' shutdown, 50+ FDA warning letters, and the PCAC vote for compounding.
- [Peptide sources and quality](https://heretic.bio/articles/peptide-sources-and-quality.md): Speculative, How to vet gray-market peptide suppliers: COAs, HPLC purity, mass-spec checks, cold chain, and the red flags that mark counterfeits.
- [Peptides for injury](https://heretic.bio/articles/peptide-therapy-for-injuries.md): Early, Peptides like BPC-157 and TB-500 for tissue repair, where 2025-2026 reviews found abundant animal data but almost no human orthopedic trials.
- [Peptides for trauma](https://heretic.bio/articles/peptide-therapy-for-trauma.md): Speculative, A guide pairing trauma's biological sequelae (gut, nerve, immune, tissue) with peptides like BPC-157; evidence is almost all preclinical.
- [Selank](https://heretic.bio/articles/selank-tuftsin-derived-anxiolytic-peptide.md): Promising, A tuftsin-derived anxiolytic peptide approved in Russia; small trials show benzodiazepine-comparable anxiety relief, but no Western trials exist.
- [Semax](https://heretic.bio/articles/semax-acth4-7-pgp-neurotrophic-peptide.md): Promising, An ACTH-derived heptapeptide approved in Russia for stroke; evidence is Russian clinical studies and preclinical work, with no double-blind Western RCTs.
- [SS-31 (elamipretide)](https://heretic.bio/articles/ss-31-elamipretide-cardiolipin-targeted-mitochondrial-peptide.md): Promising, A cardiolipin-targeting mitochondrial peptide, FDA accelerated-approved for Barth syndrome in 2025 on open-label data after primary endpoints missed.
- [TB-500 (thymosin beta-4)](https://heretic.bio/articles/tb-500-thymosin-beta-4.md): Early, A synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4; full-length T-beta-4 has phase II wound, eye and cardiac trials, but the TB-500 fragment has no human studies.
- [TB-500 and BPC-157 together](https://heretic.bio/articles/tb-500-and-bpc-157-combination.md): Early, The 'Wolverine Stack' pairs two gray-market repair peptides; BPC-157 has five small uncontrolled human studies, TB-500 has none, and the stack is untested.
- [Therapeutic peptides](https://heretic.bio/articles/therapeutic-peptides.md): Early, A landscape guide to therapeutic peptides: repair compounds like BPC-157, Russian bioregulators, cognitive peptides and GLP-1s, each graded by evidence.
- [Thymalin](https://heretic.bio/articles/thymalin.md): Speculative, A calf-thymus peptide complex approved in Russia; claimed mortality reductions in elderly cohorts are dramatic but rest on Russian non-randomized research.
- [Thymosin alpha-1](https://heretic.bio/articles/thymosin-alpha-1-immune-modulation-and-longevity-translation.md): Early, A thymic peptide approved in 35+ countries for hepatitis and cancer adjuvant use; the landmark sepsis trial was null and longevity claims are extrapolated.

## Nootropics
- [Adaptogens](https://heretic.bio/articles/adaptogen-research.md): Promising, Plant compounds coined in Soviet research to raise nonspecific stress resistance; RCTs best support rhodiola for fatigue and ashwagandha for anxiety.
- [Bromantane](https://heretic.bio/articles/bromantane.md): Speculative, A Russian actoprotector approved there for asthenia that boosts dopamine-synthesis enzymes rather than blocking reuptake; Western replication is absent.
- [Cerebrolysin](https://heretic.bio/articles/cerebrolysin-porcine-neurotrophic-peptide-complex.md): Early, A porcine brain-peptide mixture used for stroke, TBI, and dementia across ~40 countries; manufacturer trials are positive, two Cochrane reviews skeptical.
- [Creatine monohydrate](https://heretic.bio/articles/creatine-monohydrate-muscle-brain-and-bone-evidence.md): Promising, The most-studied ergogenic supplement: strong RCT evidence for muscle and strength, plus newer trials in cognition, depression, and postmenopausal bone.
- [Dihexa](https://heretic.bio/articles/dihexa-n-hexanoic-tyr-ile-6-aminohexanoic-amide.md): Speculative, An angiotensin-IV-derived nootropic peptide built on retracted potency claims; no human studies exist, and its successor drug failed in Alzheimer's.
- [Lion's mane and mushroom nootropics](https://heretic.bio/articles/lions-mane-and-mushroom-nootropics.md): Promising, A medicinal mushroom whose compounds stimulate nerve growth factor; small trials show cognitive benefit in impairment but none acutely in healthy adults.
- [Methylene blue](https://heretic.bio/articles/methylene-blue.md): Speculative, A 170-year-old dye turned mitochondrial drug: approved for methemoglobinemia, with small fMRI trials for cognition and contested phase 3 Alzheimer's data.
- [Modafinil and eugeroics](https://heretic.bio/articles/modafinil-and-eugeroics.md): Promising, A wakefulness drug approved for narcolepsy and shift work that modestly enhances higher-order cognition in healthy adults, with low abuse risk.
- [Natural nootropics](https://heretic.bio/articles/natural-nootropics.md): Promising, Plant and nutrient-based cognitive enhancers with several real randomized trials; effects are genuine but modest and domain-specific.
- [Nootropic combinations studied](https://heretic.bio/articles/nootropic-combinations.md): Speculative, A guide to combining cognitive enhancers by mechanism; only the caffeine plus L-theanine pairing has direct human trial support.
- [Nootropics and smart drugs](https://heretic.bio/articles/nootropics-and-smart-drugs-overview.md): Early, An overview of cognitive enhancers from caffeine and theanine to modafinil, ranked by evidence; the strongest data cover narrow domains and impaired users.
- [Racetams](https://heretic.bio/articles/racetams.md): Early, A class of synthetic nootropics led by piracetam; a 2024 pooled analysis found no memory benefit, though narrow medical uses are proven.
- [Selank](https://heretic.bio/articles/selank-tuftsin-derived-anxiolytic-peptide.md): Promising, A tuftsin-derived anxiolytic peptide approved in Russia; small trials show benzodiazepine-comparable anxiety relief, but no Western trials exist.
- [Semax](https://heretic.bio/articles/semax-acth4-7-pgp-neurotrophic-peptide.md): Promising, An ACTH-derived heptapeptide approved in Russia for stroke; evidence is Russian clinical studies and preclinical work, with no double-blind Western RCTs.
- [What 36,000 nootropic ratings show](https://heretic.bio/articles/what-36000-nootropic-ratings-actually-tell-us.md): Speculative, An analysis of 36,000 self-reported nootropic ratings: useful for hypotheses, but self-selection and no blinding make it weak efficacy evidence.

## Bioregulators
- [Epitalon](https://heretic.bio/articles/epitalon-aedg-tetrapeptide-telomerase-pineal-axis-and-geroprotective-evidence.md): Early, A pineal tetrapeptide that activates telomerase and lengthens telomeres in human cells; human data is two small Russian trials without Western replication.
- [Peptide bioregulators (Khavinson)](https://heretic.bio/articles/peptide-bioregulation-khavinson.md): Speculative, Fifty years of Soviet research into short peptides claimed to regulate gene expression, with six Russian-approved drugs but little independent replication.
- [Thymalin](https://heretic.bio/articles/thymalin.md): Speculative, A calf-thymus peptide complex approved in Russia; claimed mortality reductions in elderly cohorts are dramatic but rest on Russian non-randomized research.

## Soviet-era research
- [Adaptogens](https://heretic.bio/articles/adaptogen-research.md): Promising, Plant compounds coined in Soviet research to raise nonspecific stress resistance; RCTs best support rhodiola for fatigue and ashwagandha for anxiety.
- [Bromantane](https://heretic.bio/articles/bromantane.md): Speculative, A Russian actoprotector approved there for asthenia that boosts dopamine-synthesis enzymes rather than blocking reuptake; Western replication is absent.
- [Darkfield microscopy](https://heretic.bio/articles/darkfield-microscopy.md): Speculative, Live-blood microscopy rooted in pleomorphism; the optics are valid and some findings match mainstream hematology, but the interpretation is unsupported.
- [Epitalon](https://heretic.bio/articles/epitalon-aedg-tetrapeptide-telomerase-pineal-axis-and-geroprotective-evidence.md): Early, A pineal tetrapeptide that activates telomerase and lengthens telomeres in human cells; human data is two small Russian trials without Western replication.
- [IHHT](https://heretic.bio/articles/intermittent-hypoxia-hyperoxia-training-ihht.md): Promising, Alternating low-oxygen and high-oxygen air as a hormetic stressor, with controlled trials in cardiac and long-COVID rehab but no longevity endpoint data.
- [Peptide bioregulators (Khavinson)](https://heretic.bio/articles/peptide-bioregulation-khavinson.md): Speculative, Fifty years of Soviet research into short peptides claimed to regulate gene expression, with six Russian-approved drugs but little independent replication.
- [Phage therapy](https://heretic.bio/articles/phage-therapy.md): Promising, Viruses that kill specific bacteria, used for a century in Georgia and Russia; modern trials confirm safety, with efficacy best for isolate-matched cases.
- [Russian pharmacology](https://heretic.bio/articles/russian-pharmacology.md): Early, A guide to Soviet and Russian pharmacology: adaptogens, peptide nootropics, meldonium and phenibut, and evidence that rarely meets modern RCT standards.
- [Selank](https://heretic.bio/articles/selank-tuftsin-derived-anxiolytic-peptide.md): Promising, A tuftsin-derived anxiolytic peptide approved in Russia; small trials show benzodiazepine-comparable anxiety relief, but no Western trials exist.
- [Semax](https://heretic.bio/articles/semax-acth4-7-pgp-neurotrophic-peptide.md): Promising, An ACTH-derived heptapeptide approved in Russia for stroke; evidence is Russian clinical studies and preclinical work, with no double-blind Western RCTs.
- [Soviet medical research](https://heretic.bio/articles/soviet-medical-research-overview.md): Speculative, A survey of Soviet medical research, from peptide bioregulators to phage therapy, adaptogens and space medicine, and what the West has since validated.
- [Soviet space medicine](https://heretic.bio/articles/soviet-space-medicine.md): Early, A survey of Soviet space medicine, from microgravity countermeasures to adaptogens and peptides, and which parts translate to terrestrial health.
- [Thymalin](https://heretic.bio/articles/thymalin.md): Speculative, A calf-thymus peptide complex approved in Russia; claimed mortality reductions in elderly cohorts are dramatic but rest on Russian non-randomized research.

## Red light
- [Mitochondrial health](https://heretic.bio/articles/mitochondrial-health.md): Promising, How mitochondria are maintained and measured: exercise is the strongest proven lever, and urolithin A is the first mitophagy inducer with a human RCT.
- [Red light therapy](https://heretic.bio/articles/red-light-therapy.md): Promising, Photobiomodulation with red and near-infrared light; trials support it for neck pain, knee arthritis and wounds, while brain claims remain early.

## Sun
- [Vitamin D](https://heretic.bio/articles/vitamin-d-optimization.md): Promising, A fat-soluble vitamin deficient in ~42% of US adults; mortality benefits appear mainly in deficient people, while large trials in the replete were null.

## Other entries
- [Advanced glycation and crosslink breakers](https://heretic.bio/articles/advanced-glycation-and-crosslink-breakers.md): Speculative, Sugar-protein end-products that crosslink and stiffen arteries, skin, and kidneys; every breaker or blocker program has failed and none is approved.
- [Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG)](https://heretic.bio/articles/alpha-ketoglutarate-akg-the-metabolic-longevity-molecule.md): Early, A longevity metabolite that extends lifespan in worms, flies, and mice; human evidence is observational, with three randomized trials underway.
- [Autophagy](https://heretic.bio/articles/autophagy.md): Proven, The cell's recycling system for damaged proteins and organelles; it declines with age and switches on with fasting, exercise, and caloric restriction.
- [Biofilms and chronic infection](https://heretic.bio/articles/biofilms-and-chronic-infection-overview.md): Speculative, Microbes encased in a self-made matrix that tolerate antibiotic doses up to 1,000× higher than free cells; disruption protocols remain largely untested.
- [Biohacking and optimization](https://heretic.bio/articles/biohacking-and-optimization-overview.md): Speculative, The optimization stack ranked by evidence: sleep, exercise, and nutrition do most of the work; modalities like IHHT, PEMF, and exosomes remain early.
- [Biological age clocks](https://heretic.bio/articles/biological-age-clocks-measurement-and-interpretation.md): Proven, DNA-methylation algorithms estimating biological age; GrimAge and DunedinPACE predict disease and mortality in large cohorts, but readings are noisy.
- [Brainspotting](https://heretic.bio/articles/brainspotting.md): Speculative, A trauma therapy using fixed eye positions to access subcortical processing; the evidence is small but consistently positive and large RCTs are missing.
- [Breathwork](https://heretic.bio/articles/breathwork-and-somatic-release.md): Speculative, Conscious-breathing practices for regulation and trauma release; slow techniques carry trial-level support while intensive methods lean on case reports.
- [Carnivore diet](https://heretic.bio/articles/carnivore-diet.md): Early, An all-animal-food elimination diet backed by surveys and case series, not RCTs; documented concerns are LDL elevation, kidney stones, and nutrient gaps.
- [Chronic sinus and gut biofilms](https://heretic.bio/articles/chronic-sinus-and-gut-biofilms.md): Speculative, Biofilms appear in 45–100% of chronic sinusitis cases and are implicated in SIBO resistance; disruption protocols against them are largely untested.
- [Cold and heat therapy](https://heretic.bio/articles/cold-and-heat-therapy.md): Early, Deliberate cold and heat exposure: strong observational data for frequent sauna, and trial evidence that post-workout cold immersion blunts muscle growth.
- [Dental biofilms](https://heretic.bio/articles/dental-biofilms-and-oral-systemic-health.md): Promising, The mouth as a biofilm reservoir: periodontal therapy lowers HbA1c in RCTs, cardiovascular links are associative, and the Alzheimer's drug test failed.
- [DMSO](https://heretic.bio/articles/dmso-therapy.md): Speculative, A membrane-penetrating solvent used for pain and as a drug carrier; FDA-approved uses are narrow and systemic use remains unproven after 50+ years.
- [Electromagnetic therapies (PEMF)](https://heretic.bio/articles/electromagnetic-therapies.md): Early, Modalities from TENS to PEMF: FDA-approved for non-union fractures since 1979, RCT support for microcurrent wound healing, unproven frequency claims.
- [EMDR](https://heretic.bio/articles/emdr.md): Proven, A structured trauma psychotherapy using bilateral stimulation, guideline-listed as first-line for PTSD; evidence is strongest for single-incident trauma.
- [Exercise and longevity](https://heretic.bio/articles/exercise-science-and-longevity.md): Promising, A longevity exercise framework built on VO2max and grip strength as mortality predictors, combining Zone 2 cardio, intervals, strength, and stability work.
- [Exosome therapy](https://heretic.bio/articles/exosome-therapy.md): Early, Acellular vesicle injections meant to deliver stem-cell repair signals without the cells; one small RCT is positive, and no product is FDA-approved.
- [Fasting](https://heretic.bio/articles/fasting-approaches.md): Promising, Structured abstention from calories, from 16:8 to multi-day fasts, triggering ketosis and autophagy; human outcome data trails the strong animal record.
- [Fasting-mimicking diet](https://heretic.bio/articles/fasting-mimicking-diet.md): Promising, A five-day, very-low-calorie protocol that mimics fasting with food; trials report less visceral fat, lower IGF-1, and ~2.6 years lower biological age.
- [Frequency-specific microcurrent](https://heretic.bio/articles/frequency-specific-microcurrent.md): Early, Sub-sensory microcurrent therapy with RCT support for wound healing and soreness; its claim that paired frequencies hit specific tissues is unproven.
- [GlyNAC and glutathione precursors](https://heretic.bio/articles/glycine-glynac-and-glutathione-precursors-evidence-taxonomy.md): Promising, A glycine-plus-NAC combination that restores glutathione; small trials show gains in oxidative stress, insulin sensitivity and physical function.
- [Gut health and SIBO](https://heretic.bio/articles/gut-health-and-sibo.md): Speculative, An overview of SIBO and its methane, hydrogen-sulfide and fungal variants, where breath testing guides treatment and biofilms may explain failures.
- [Gut microbiome and postbiotics](https://heretic.bio/articles/gut-microbiome-and-postbiotics.md): Early, How the gut microbiome connects to metabolism and aging, with the strongest human data on pasteurized Akkermansia for insulin sensitivity, not lifespan.
- [Hallmarks of aging](https://heretic.bio/articles/hallmarks-of-aging.md): Early, A consensus framework naming 12 biological processes that drive aging, from genomic instability to dysbiosis, used to organize longevity research.
- [Heavy metals and chelation](https://heretic.bio/articles/heavy-metal-burden-and-chelation.md): Early, Chelation is proven for documented metal poisoning, failed its big cardiovascular test in 2024, and has no evidence behind wellness detox use.
- [Herniated discs and low back pain](https://heretic.bio/articles/herniated-discs-lower-back-pain-non-surgical-regeneration.md): Speculative, Non-surgical options for herniated discs: most herniations resorb on their own, while regenerative add-ons like BPC-157 rest on animal data.
- [Hormone optimization (TRT, HRT)](https://heretic.bio/articles/hormone-optimization-trt-hrt-perimenopause.md): Promising, TRT and menopausal hormone therapy reviewed against the evidence: strong for symptoms, bone and body composition; timing and route decide safety.
- [Human nutrition](https://heretic.bio/articles/optimal-human-nutrition-overview.md): Speculative, A first-principles guide to the diet paradigms, from keto to carnivore to Mediterranean, with the evidence graded and industry conflicts flagged.
- [Hyperbaric oxygen (HBOT)](https://heretic.bio/articles/hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-hbot.md): Promising, Breathing pure oxygen under pressure is proven for wounds, CO poisoning and a dozen cleared uses, while anti-aging and brain claims lack trial support.
- [IFS (Internal Family Systems)](https://heretic.bio/articles/ifs-internal-family-systems.md): Speculative, A psychotherapy model treating the mind as protective and wounded parts around a core Self, supported by a few small randomized trials.
- [Immune function](https://heretic.bio/articles/immune-function.md): Speculative, How immune aging works and what might slow it, from Soviet-era thymic peptides to a trial where low-dose everolimus boosted vaccine response.
- [Ketogenic diets](https://heretic.bio/articles/ketogenic-approaches.md): Promising, A high-fat, very-low-carb diet that is proven for drug-resistant epilepsy and type 2 diabetes, with early evidence in neurology and psychiatry.
- [Klotho](https://heretic.bio/articles/klotho-the-longevity-hormone.md): Early, A kidney- and brain-derived longevity protein: overexpression extends mouse lifespan about 20-30%, yet no human has received it in a published trial.
- [Longevity medicine in 2026](https://heretic.bio/articles/longevity-medicine-2026.md): Early, A map of the 2026 longevity clinic stack: biological-age tests, AI platforms and wearable clocks, and the evidence behind each pillar.
- [Longevity science](https://heretic.bio/articles/longevity-science-overview.md): Speculative, An overview of aging biology and interventions: lifestyle has the strongest evidence, while drugs like rapamycin show only surrogate-endpoint results.
- [Low-dose naltrexone (LDN)](https://heretic.bio/articles/low-dose-naltrexone-ldn-evidence-taxonomy.md): Speculative, Naltrexone at a tenth of the addiction dose, used off-label for pain, autoimmune and post-viral conditions, with one small Crohn's RCT as best evidence.
- [Lyme and co-infections](https://heretic.bio/articles/lyme-and-co-infections.md): Speculative, Lyme disease and its co-infections, where persistence is proven in animal models but long-term antibiotic benefit in humans is contested.
- [Magnesium forms](https://heretic.bio/articles/magnesium-types.md): Proven, A guide to magnesium forms: glycinate and citrate absorb well, threonate is the only brain-targeted form with RCT data, and oxide is nearly useless.
- [Metabolic health and insulin](https://heretic.bio/articles/metabolic-health-and-insulin.md): Speculative, The insulin-centric model of chronic disease: chronically high insulin drives obesity, diabetes and beyond, and fasting insulin reveals it a decade early.
- [Metformin and rapamycin](https://heretic.bio/articles/metformin-and-rapamycin.md): Early, The two flagship anti-aging drugs compared: rapamycin extends mouse lifespan, metformin has decades of safety data, and neither is proven in humans.
- [Mold illness and CIRS](https://heretic.bio/articles/mold-illness-mycotoxins-and-cirs.md): Speculative, Damp-building illness is well documented; the CIRS framework for it rests on one research group and its urine mycotoxin tests are contested.
- [mTOR and AMPK](https://heretic.bio/articles/mtor-and-ampk-pathways.md): Speculative, The cell's two metabolic switches: mTOR builds, AMPK repairs. Mechanistic evidence is strong; human longevity trials are still pending.
- [Muse cell therapy](https://heretic.bio/articles/muse-cell-therapy-evidence-taxonomy-and-clinical-translation.md): Early, A pluripotent-like cell therapy with small Japanese disease trials; the anti-aging claims marketed to longevity patients rest on a two-person case series.
- [NAD+](https://heretic.bio/articles/nad-and-sirtuin-activators.md): Promising, A metabolic cofactor; NR and NMN precursors reliably raise blood NAD+ in human trials, but functional benefits are unproven.
- [Organ meats](https://heretic.bio/articles/organ-meats-and-nose-to-tail-eating.md): Speculative, The case for liver, heart and other organs as the most nutrient-dense foods, built on nutrient analysis and anthropology rather than clinical trials.
- [Ozone therapy](https://heretic.bio/articles/ozone-therapy.md): Early, Medical ozone (O2-O3 mixture) for wounds, disc herniation and joint pain, with several RCTs locally but no FDA approval and poor protocol standardization.
- [Pain management](https://heretic.bio/articles/pain-management.md): Speculative, An integrative pain framework covering topical analgesics, DMSO as carrier and agent, peptides and nervous-system downregulation, sorted by pain type.
- [Partial epigenetic reprogramming](https://heretic.bio/articles/partial-epigenetic-reprogramming.md): Speculative, Resetting cellular age with transient Yamanaka-factor (OSK) expression; the first human trial began dosing in June 2026 for optic neuropathies.
- [Plasmalogens](https://heretic.bio/articles/plasmalogens-and-membrane-health.md): Promising, Vinyl-ether membrane lipids that decline steeply with age and track cognitive decline; supplements raise blood levels, but no placebo trial exists.
- [Polyvagal theory](https://heretic.bio/articles/polyvagal-theory.md): Speculative, Stephen Porges' three-tier model of the autonomic nervous system, widely used in trauma therapy to explain fight, flight, freeze and safety states.
- [Prolotherapy](https://heretic.bio/articles/prolotherapy.md): Promising, Dextrose injections that restart the healing cascade in ligaments and tendons, with multiple trials for knee osteoarthritis and an excellent safety record.
- [PRP and stem cells](https://heretic.bio/articles/prp-and-stem-cell-therapies.md): Promising, Autologous platelet concentrates and mesenchymal stem cells for joints and tendons; PRP has multiple positive trials, stem cells are mostly unapproved.
- [Psychedelic-assisted therapy](https://heretic.bio/articles/psychedelic-assisted-therapy.md): Promising, MDMA, psilocybin and ketamine combined with psychotherapy for PTSD and depression; Phase 3 data exist for MDMA, and ketamine is FDA-approved.
- [Rapamycin](https://heretic.bio/articles/rapamycin-mtor-inhibition-pearl-trial-evidence-and-clinical-translation.md): Early, An immunosuppressant repurposed off-label for longevity; it extends mouse lifespan but human trials show modest, mixed signals.
- [Regenerative medicine](https://heretic.bio/articles/regenerative-medicine-overview.md): Speculative, A map of regenerative therapies for orthopedic injury, from trial-backed options (PRP, PEMF, HBOT) to experimental ones (stem cells, peptides).
- [Seed oils and inflammation](https://heretic.bio/articles/seed-oils-and-inflammation.md): Speculative, The case against seed oils rests on linoleic-acid oxidation mechanisms and recovered trial data; short-term human RCTs find no inflammatory signal.
- [Senolytics](https://heretic.bio/articles/senolytics.md): Early, Drugs that selectively kill senescent cells; small human pilots show dasatinib plus quercetin clears them, but lifespan benefit is animal data only.
- [SGLT2 inhibitors](https://heretic.bio/articles/sglt2-inhibitors-as-senotherapeutics-evidence-taxonomy.md): Early, A diabetes drug class proven for heart and kidney outcomes; its senolytic case rests on animal and cell data plus one small telomere RCT.
- [Sleep](https://heretic.bio/articles/sleep-optimization.md): Promising, A guide to sleep physiology and optimization: sleep stages, glymphatic clearance, circadian cues, supplements, prescription drugs and tracking metrics.
- [Somatic Experiencing](https://heretic.bio/articles/somatic-experiencing.md): Speculative, Peter Levine's body-based trauma therapy; two small RCTs and meta-analyses show reduced PTSD symptoms, but evidence certainty is rated very low.
- [Spermidine](https://heretic.bio/articles/spermidine-autophagy-and-longevity.md): Early, A polyamine that induces autophagy; lifespan extension is shown in mice and flies, while human evidence is early cognitive and cardiovascular signals.
- [Stealth pathogens](https://heretic.bio/articles/stealth-pathogens.md): Speculative, A framework for chronic infections that evade immunity via biofilms, L-forms and intracellular persistence; mechanisms solid, clinical reach contested.
- [Sulforaphane](https://heretic.bio/articles/sulforaphane-nrf2-activation-and-clinical-evidence.md): Early, A broccoli-sprout isothiocyanate and the best-studied natural Nrf2 activator, with a human RCT ledger containing real positives and real nulls.
- [Supplements and nutraceuticals](https://heretic.bio/articles/supplements-and-nutraceuticals.md): Promising, A framework for supplement use built on testing and evidence tiers, covering vitamin D, magnesium, omega-3 and creatine data plus what to avoid.
- [Taurine](https://heretic.bio/articles/taurine-the-aging-amino-acid.md): Early, An amino acid that extends mouse lifespan 10-12%; human trials show modest cardiometabolic benefit, and the age-decline premise was refuted in 2025.
- [Telomeres](https://heretic.bio/articles/telomere-science.md): Promising, Telomeres shorten with cell division and age; recent RCTs show a drug and exercise can lengthen them in humans, but the anti-aging payoff is unproven.
- [Therapeutic plasma exchange](https://heretic.bio/articles/therapeutic-plasma-exchange-tpe.md): Promising, Plasma exchange is FDA-cleared for autoimmune and blood disorders; for longevity, one small RCT found a transient 2.6-year drop in measured biological age.
- [Trauma and the body](https://heretic.bio/articles/trauma-and-somatic-therapies.md): Speculative, A guide to body-based trauma therapy: how trauma dysregulates the nervous system, the ACE evidence on disease risk, and which modalities have real trials.
- [Urolithin A](https://heretic.bio/articles/urolithin-a-mitophagy-inducer-and-geroprotectant.md): Promising, A gut-microbiome-derived postbiotic that induces mitophagy; four small RCTs show muscle and immune benefits, all short and industry-funded.
- [Vitamin K2](https://heretic.bio/articles/vitamin-k2.md): Speculative, The vitamin that directs calcium into bone via osteocalcin and blocks arterial calcification via MGP; large Western outcome trials are still missing.

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